Key features in SharePoint :
Pages
SharePoint provides free-form editable pages, which can be modified using the ribbon. Pages are stored as 'aspx' files, in libraries. Features exist for publishing and enterprise wiki pages, which have functionality such as the ability to surface metadata, set custom URLs, control SEO metadata, and define custom layout and designs.
Web-Parts & App-Parts
Web parts and App parts are components (also known as portlets) that can be inserted into Pages. They are used to display information from both SharePoint and third party applications.
Lists
A list is a data storage tool. It contains content items, with named data fields. List 'columns' allow you to view the data fields, and views of these columns are configured the list's settings.
Libraries
A library is a collection of files. In SharePoint, a library is a type of list. Each file is a content item. Libraries have extra features, such as synchronization, viewing/editing, or managing files.
Content
A content type is a metadata definition. Lists can be configured to contain certain multiple content types, and will have columns for all fields in the associated content types. Some content types such as 'contact' or 'appointment' allow the list to expose advanced features such as Microsoft Outlook or Project synchronization.
As of SharePoint 2013, in some locations, Lists and Libraries are referred to as 'apps' (despite being unrelated to the SharePoint app platform).
Sites
A SharePoint Site is a collection of pages, lists, and libraries. A site may contain sub-sites, and those sites may contain further sub-sites. Sites can be created according to pre-packaged functionality. Examples of Site templates in SharePoint include: collaboration (team) sites, wiki sites, blank sites, and publishing sites.
Search
SharePoint contains a re-worked version of Fast Search & Transfer's search technology, which combines advanced search and analytics features. This feature is highly customisable.
The content of documents (including PDFs) are searched.
Sharepoint can be classified as either on-premise or online.
Pages
SharePoint provides free-form editable pages, which can be modified using the ribbon. Pages are stored as 'aspx' files, in libraries. Features exist for publishing and enterprise wiki pages, which have functionality such as the ability to surface metadata, set custom URLs, control SEO metadata, and define custom layout and designs.
Web-Parts & App-Parts
Web parts and App parts are components (also known as portlets) that can be inserted into Pages. They are used to display information from both SharePoint and third party applications.
Lists
A list is a data storage tool. It contains content items, with named data fields. List 'columns' allow you to view the data fields, and views of these columns are configured the list's settings.
Libraries
A library is a collection of files. In SharePoint, a library is a type of list. Each file is a content item. Libraries have extra features, such as synchronization, viewing/editing, or managing files.
Content
A content type is a metadata definition. Lists can be configured to contain certain multiple content types, and will have columns for all fields in the associated content types. Some content types such as 'contact' or 'appointment' allow the list to expose advanced features such as Microsoft Outlook or Project synchronization.
As of SharePoint 2013, in some locations, Lists and Libraries are referred to as 'apps' (despite being unrelated to the SharePoint app platform).
Sites
A SharePoint Site is a collection of pages, lists, and libraries. A site may contain sub-sites, and those sites may contain further sub-sites. Sites can be created according to pre-packaged functionality. Examples of Site templates in SharePoint include: collaboration (team) sites, wiki sites, blank sites, and publishing sites.
Search
SharePoint contains a re-worked version of Fast Search & Transfer's search technology, which combines advanced search and analytics features. This feature is highly customisable.
The content of documents (including PDFs) are searched.
Sharepoint can be classified as either on-premise or online.
Microsoft SharePoint Foundation
SharePoint Foundation is available for free on-premises deployment. It is dependent on various hardware/software requirements, including a proper license for Microsoft Windows Server. It contains much of the core functionality and architecture drawn on by the commercial version of the package. Microsoft is not expecting to release a SharePoint Foundation 2016, and is currently considering different options for existing SharePoint Foundation customers.
Microsoft SharePoint Standard
Microsoft SharePoint Standard builds on the Microsoft SharePoint Foundation in a few key product areas.
Sites: Audience targeting, governance tools, Secure store service, web analytics functionality.
Communities: 'MySites' (personal profiles including skills management, and search tools), enterprise wikis, organization hierarchy browser, tags and notes.
Content: Improved tooling and compliance for document & record management, managed metadata, word automation services, content type management.
Search: Better search results, search customization abilities, mobile search, 'Did you mean?', OS search integration, Faceted Search, and metadata/relevancy/date/location based refinement options.
Composites: Pre-built workflow templates, BCS profile pages.
SharePoint Standard licensing includes a CAL (client access license) component and a server fee. SharePoint Standard may also be licensed through a cloud model.
It is possible to upgrade a SharePoint farm from Foundation to Standard.
Microsoft SharePoint Enterprise
Built upon SharePoint Standard, Microsoft SharePoint Enterprise features can be unlocked simply by providing an additional license key.
Extra features in SharePoint Enterprise includes:
Search thumbnails and previews, rich web indexing, better search results.
BI Integration, Dashboards, and Business Data surfacing.
PowerPivot and PerformancePoint.
Microsoft Office Access, Visio, Excel, and InfoPath Forms services.
SharePoint Enterprise Search extensions.
SharePoint Enterprise licensing includes a CAL component and a server fee that must be purchased in addition to SharePoint Server licensing. SharePoint Enterprise may also be licensed through a cloud model.
Microsoft's hosted SharePoint product is offered as part of their Office 365 product. The on-line version has a constantly changing feature-set and licencing arrangements, but is typically comparable with SharePoint Enterprise. Currently, additional capabilities include:
'NextGen Portals'
Microsoft Delve & Sway
Yammer Integration & Office 365 Groups
Integration with Outlook Web App
Newer versions of Online Office Document Editor Tools
Small business web publishing capabilities
Removal of various file size/number limitations
Missing capabilities include
Task roll-up feature
Some BI features must be purchased as part of Power BI
Some search & UI customizations are not possible and/or not recommended
Web publishing capabilities are significantly limited for larger organizations
Limited Tenant Administration options
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